David Graham Phillips

 

Phillips was born in Madison, Indiana. After graduating from high school, Phillips entered Asbury College (now DePauw University) -- following which he received a degree from Princeton University in 1887.After completing his education, Phillips worked as a newspaper reporter in Cincinnati, Ohio, before moving on to New York City where he was employed as a reporter for The Sun from 1890 to 1893, then columnist and editor with the New York World until 1902. In his spare time, he wrote a novel, The Great God Success, that was published in 1901. The royalty income enabled him to work as a freelance journalist while continuing to write fiction. Writing articles for various prominent magazines, he began to develop a reputation as a competent investigative journalist. Phillips' novels often commented on social issues of the day and frequently chronicled events based on his real-life journalistic experiences. He was considered a Progressive and a muckraker .Phillips wrote an article in Cosmopolitan in March 1906, called "The Treason of the Senate", exposing campaign contributors being rewarded by certain members of the U. S. Senate. The story launched a scathing attack on Rhode Island senator Nelson W. Aldrich, and brought Phillips a great deal of national exposure. This and other similar articles helped lead to the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, initiating popular instead of state-legislature election of U. S. senators.David Graham Philips is known for producing one of the most important investigations exposing details of the corruption by big businesses of the Senate, in particular, by the Standard Oil Company. He was among a few other writers during that time that helped prompt President Theodore Roosevelt to use the term “Muckrakers”.The article inspired journalist Charles Edward Russell to insist to his boss William Randolph Hearst, who had just recently purchased the Cosmopolitan magazine, that he push his journalists to explore the Senate corruption as well. Philips was offered the position to explore more information about the corruption and bring it into the public’s eye. Philips’ brother Harrison and Gustavus Myers were hired as research assistants for Philips. Hearst commented to his readers about Philips starting a series that would reveal the Senate corruption so much, that most Senators would resign. This held true for some of the Senators, such as New York Senators Chauncey M. Depew and Thomas Collier Platt. Philips exposed Depew as receiving more than $50,000 from several companies. He also helped educate the public on how the senators were selected and that it was held in the hands of a few bosses in a tight circle, helping increase the corruption level. As a result of these articles, only four of the twenty-one senators that Philips wrote about were still in office. Philips also had some of the greatest success as a muckraker, because he helped change the U.S. Constitution, with the passage of the 17th Amendment, creating popular election for senators.His talent for writing was not the only thing that helped him stand out in the newsroom. Philips was known to dress in a white suit with a large chrysanthemum in his lapel.



Commonwealth vs. Hunt presented at court in 1842, was an American legal case in which the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the common-law doctrine of criminal conspiracy did not apply to labour unions. Until then, workers’ attempts to establish closed shops had been subject to prosecution. Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw asserted, however, that trade unions were legal and that they had the right to strike or take other steps of peaceful coercion to raise wages and ban non-union workers. As well as the case stemmed from a demand by the Boston Journeymen Bootmakers’ Society that an employer fire one of its members who had disobeyed the society’s rules. The employers, fearing a strike, complied, but the dismissed employee complained to the district attorney, who then drew an indictment charging the society with conspiracy. The Boston Municipal Court found the union guilty. Justice Shaw, hearing the case on appeal, altered the traditional criteria for conspiracy by holding that the mere act of combining for some purpose was not illegal. Only those combinations intended “to accomplish some criminal or unlawful purpose, or to accomplish some purpose, not in itself criminal or unlawful, by criminal or unlawful means” could be prosecuted. Shaw, in effect, legalized the American labour union movement by this decision.
The Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932 and the Wagner Act of 1935 recognized labor's right to organize unions, but unions were not fully recognized as legal until later on. Though judges throughout the decade would become more anti-union, Commonwealth v. Hunt served as a legitimizer for trade unions. When the time to vote presented itself commonwealth recived 23% of the votes while hunt recieved 77% of the votes from a total of 101. votes. As any child might see the clear winner was Hunt.

John Blair

I John Blare was a wealthy lawyer who owned $10,000 in bonds and 26 slaves, I was also a Virginian colleague of James Madison. I was born in Virginia in 1731,on receiving a collegiate education, I entered upon the study of the law, and in a very few years rose to the head of my profession. From eminence at the bar, my course to political distinction was rapid and successful. I was called by the voice of my fellow-citizens to some of the highest and most important trusts, which I faithfully discharged, at a time when the state of the country wore the most gloomy aspect, and by my exertions contributed essentially to its liberty and independence. In 1787, at which time I was judge of the court of appeals, the legislature of Virginia, finding the judiciary system inconvenient, established circuit courts, the duties of which they directed the judges of the courts of appeals to perform. These judges, among whose names are those of Pendleton, and Wythe, and myself remonstrated, and declared the act unconstitutional. In the same year I took my seat in the convention which met at Philadelphia to frame the federal constitution, and was one of its most active members. To that instrument the names of Madison and myself were affixed as the deputies from Virginia. In September, 1789, when the government which I had assisted in establishing had commenced its operations, I was appointed by President Washington an associate judge of the supreme court of the United States. I died September 12, 1800, in the sixty-ninth year of my age. I was an amiable, accomplished, and truly virtuous man.

The Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was a "worldwar" that took place between 1756 and 1763. The reason many historian debated whether or not The Seven Years' War truely was a war was because it only involved selected contries due to their economic tethering. These countries were Europe, Africa, India, North America, South America, the Philippine Islands. The war was driven by England and the French resulting since both countries had a desire to trade with the Colonies. As these countries waged war to seek either independence from their sovernt country like the colonies did. Or whether it was a struggle for ressorces or trade routes like many of the other contries did many lives where lost some 900,000 to 1,400,000 people died. In the year 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hunbertusburg ending the war in central Europe.

The Enlightenment

Through out American History their have been events that have transpired to break those chains that have bound the American Colonies to Mother England. One amongst these is the Enlightenment which occured from 1640's to the 1700's . Though the Enlightenment was a revolutionary act that conjucated many diveres ideas on philosophy which were borrowed from philosiphers such as Brauch Spinoz, John Locke,PierreBayle, Sir Issac Newton and Voltaire. As these revolutionary ideas where applied to situations at that time the colonies where beginning to appose England as their sovernt and began to revolt.

Learning Objective 6

Learning Objective 6

Amongst many southern states such as;Virginia, Maryland, North/South Carolina and Georgia, at that time there were many similarities and differences that led to greater disputes amongst these states. Such differences were how these states prospered for example as Virginia they prospered on tobacco while Maryland was open to Catholicism but had a death penalty for Jews. While Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies, due to the port of Charleston. Though these states have differences they also have many similarities that have had ties. Such as Virginia and Maryland both these states prospered on tobacco yet Virginia produced the tobacco and shipped it out to Maryland where it would be bought and sold to its people. Another example of this is Carolina before it was separated into two different states due to the fact that North Carolina consisted of a more aristocratic society that South Carolina where its people were known as squatters. In North Carolina it's people owned their own land while in South Carolina it's people did not own any land but payed others to farm on the land in addition to the crops that had to be given in. Though through these differences these states came together and created the United States.

Learning Objective 5

Learning Objective 5

Soon after the colonization of the Americas the natives of the land where forced to conform, to assimilate to the incoming Anglo-Saxon group. Many Native American tribes assimilated to the English to fit in society. The reason for this was because most Native American tribes only had three options to assimilate and follow the rest of English society by changing their look and their cultural beliefs. Another option was to stick to their own beliefs and culture and be driven off their land. Though those who have agreed to assimilate to English society have taken drastic measures far from just adapting the English language. Many women at that time would wear broad hats instead of a traditional head dress. The men would wear suits instead of moccasins. Though the ones that were affected the most were the children that would attend school they would be stripped of their culture and religion. Instead of being proud of their own culture these children are being taught that there culture and religion are inferior to those of the English. As the assimilated Native Americans ignore their own culture they begin to go to English society get togethers instead of their community powwows. To have a whole communities culture be redefine is truly a abhorring site.